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导言直面内战
[1]JohnLewisGaddis,“TheLongPeace:ElementsofSecurityinthePostwarInternationalSystem,”inLongPeace,214—45;Mueller,RetreatfromDoomsday;Mandelbaum,DawnofPeaceinEurope;Howard,TheInventionofPeaceandtheReinventionofWar;Sheehan,WhereHaveAlltheSoldiersGone?
[2]Melander,Pettersson,andThemnér,OrganizedViolence,1989—2015;PttdWllteerssonanaenseen,“ArmedConflicts1946—2014,.”
[3]Braumoeller,“IsWarDisappearing?”;Newman,“ConflictResearchandthe‘Decline’ofCivilWar”;Sarkees,“PatternsofCivilWarsintheTwentiethCentury.”
[4]Ghervas,“Lapaixparledroit,cimentdelacivilisationenEurope?”
[5]ImmanuelKant,“TowardPerpetualPeace”(1795),inPracticalPhilosophy,trans.Gregor,317,351.
[6]Goldstein,WinningtheWaronWar;Pinker,BetterAngelsofOurNature.
[7]hironaka,NeverendingWars,4–5;PaulCollier,LisaChauvet,andH?vardHagre,“TheSecurityChallengeinConflict-ProneCountries,”inGlobalCrises,GlobalSolutions,ed.Lomborg,72,99(quoted);Skaperdasetal.,CostsofViolence;WorldBank,WorldDevelopmentReport2011;Dunne,“ArmedConflicts”;Hoeffler,“AlternativePerspective.”
[8]Collier,Wars,Guns,andVotes,139(quoted);Collier,Hoeffler,andS?derbom,“OntheDurationofCivilWar”;Fearon,“WhyDoSomeCivilWarsLastSoMuchLongerThanOthers?”;Walter,“DoesConflictBegetConflict?”;Hironaka,NeverendingWars,1,50;WorldBank,WorldDevelopmentReport2011,57.
[9]Collier,BottomBillion;Rice,Graff,andLewis,PovertyandCivilWar.
[10]Missionstatement,CentrefortheStudyofCivilWar,PeaceResearchInstituteOslo,http:www.prio.comProgrammesExtensionsCentre-for-the-Study-ofCivil-WarAbout.
[11]Enzensberger,CivilWar,12.
[12]Agamben,Stasis,trans.Heron,2.CompareGrangé,Oublierlaguerrecivile?,7:“ilestvraiquelaguerrecivileestoccultéeparlestraitéspolitiques”;Kissane,NationsTornAsunder,3:“Therehasbeen,inthehistoryofpoliticalthought,nosystematictreatiseoncivilwar.”
[13]Mason,“EvolutionofTheoryonCivilWarandRevolution,”63–66.
[14]Melander,Petersson,andWallensteen,“OrganizedViolence,1989—2015,”730;Gleditsch,“TransnationalDimensionsofCivilWar”;Checkel,TransnationalDynamicsofCivilWar.
[15]Mayer,Furies,323(“Ifwarishell,thencivilwarbelongstohell’sdeepestandmostinfernalregions”);Kalyvas,LogicofViolenceinCivilWar,52–53.
[16]Lucan,Bellumcivile(1.31–32),inLucan,CivilWar,trans.Braund,3–4;MicheldeMontaigne,“OfBadMeanesEmploiedtoaGoodEnd”(Essais,2.23),inEssaysWritteninFrenchbyMichaelLordofMontaigne,trans.Florio,384;FrankAiken,Aug.3,1922,quotedinHopkinson,GreenAgainstGreen,273.
[17]Eliot,Milton,3.
[18]DeGaulle,quotedinMara?onMoya,“ElgeneralDeGaulle,enToledo”(“Todaslasguerrassonmalas…Perolasguerrasciviles,enlasqueenambastrincherashayhermanos,sonimperdonables,porquelapaznonacecuandolaguerratermina”).
[19]Enzensberger,CivilWar,trans.SpenceandChalmers,11.
[20]Girard,ViolenceandtheSacred;GiraldoRamírez,ElrastrodeCaín;Jacoby,Bloodlust;Esposito,TermsofthePolitical,123–34.AsBillKissanenotes,thetermforcivilwarinmodernHebrewapproximatesto“warbetweenbrothers.”Kissane,NationsTornAsunder,7.
[21]Osgood,Caesar’sLegacy,3,citingBrunt,ItalianManpower,225b.c.—a.d.14,509–12.
[22]Braddick,God’sFury,England’sFire,xii.
[23]Faust,“NumbersonTopofNumbers,”997;Faust,ThisRepublicofSuffering,xi.Neely,CivilWarandtheLimitsofDestruction,208–16.此篇文章批判了这个数据,但是Hacker在其文章“Census-BasedCountoftheCivilWarDead”中将死亡数据修改成620000—750000,较有说服力。
[24]Kloppenberg,TowardDemocracy,21–60.
[25]Clarendon,TheHistoryoftheRebellionandCivilWarsinEngland,BegunintheYear1641.
[26]Schmitt,ExCaptivitateSalus,56(“DerBürgerkrieghatetwasbesondersGrausames.EristeinBruderkrieg,weilerinnerhalbeinergemeinsamen…politischenEinheit…geführtwird,undweilbeidek?mpfendenSeitendiesegemeinsameEinheitgleichzeitigabsolutbehauptenundabsolutverneinen”).
[27]U.S.DepartmentofWar,WaroftheRebellion.
[28]Gingrich,quotedinStauffer,“Civility,CivilSociety,andCivilWars,”88.
[29]“PourValls,leFNpeutconduireàla‘guerrecivile,’”LeMonde,Dec.11,2015:“Ilyadeuxoptionspournotrepays.Ilyauneoptionquiestcelledel’extrêmedroitequi,aufond,pr?nelapision.CettepisionpeutconduireàlaguerrecivileetilyauneautrevisionquiestcelledelaRépubliqueetdesvaleurs,quiestlerassemblement.”
[30]Brass,TheftofanIdol,3–20;Kalyvas,“Ontologyof‘PoliticalViolence’”;Kalyvas,“PromisesandPitfallsofanEmergingResearchProgram”;KissaneandSitter,“IdeasinConflict.”
[31]Kaldor,NewandOldWars;Kalyvas,“‘New’and‘Old’CivilWars”;Münkler,NewWars.
[32]Geuss,“NietzscheandGenealogy”;Bevir,“WhatIsGenealogy?”
[33]Skinner,“GenealogyoftheModernState,”325.
[34]Nietzsche,OntheGenealogyofMorality,51.
[35]Ibid.,53(myemphasis).
[36]Gallie,“EssentiallyContestedConcepts”;Collier,Hidalgo,andMaciuceanu,“EssentiallyContestedConcepts.”
[37]Gallie,prefacetoPhilosophyandtheHistoricalUnderstanding,8–9.
[38]Kalyvas,“CivilWars,”417.
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